Derby manager Paul Jewell revealed that Teale had lost confidence whilst with The Rams.
"He's lost a bit of confidence and he needs to go and play some football," Jewell told BBC Radio Derby.
"Gary's had limited first team opportunities. I had him at Wigan and he's a terrific lad."
Plymouth have also captured fellow Scotsman Russell Anderson from Sunderland.
He too will stay with the Championship outfit on loan for the rest of the season.